SETL User Manual
David Shields
SETL Project
Department of Computer Science
New York University
Courant Institute
251 Mercer Street
New York, New York 10012
Version: 30
24 July 1984
The user manual describes the NYU LITTLE implementation
of SETL as defined by THE SETL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE by
Robert B. K. Dewar, March 12, 1980.
SETL USER MANUAL PAGE 2
1.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1 Features Not Implemented . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Features Implemented Differently . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Additional Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.0 Standard Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.0 Input/output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.0 Additional Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.1 Listing Control Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2 Remote Text Inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.3 Macro Processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.4 Synonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.5 CONST Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.6 FORALL Permitted For Iterators . . . . . . . . . 13
4.7 ARB In CASE Tag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.8 Backtracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.9 Representation Sublanguage . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.10 Structuring Large Programs . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.0 Compilation And Execution Errors . . . . . . . . . 21
5.1 Translation Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.2 Execution Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.3 TRACE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.4 DEBUG Statement (System Checkout) . . . . . . . 22
5.5 Expiration Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.0 Program Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.1 Debugging Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
7.0 Interface To Procedures Not Written In SETL . . . 34
7.1 Representation Of Values, Datatypes Supported . 35
7.2 SETL Interface Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7.4 Sharing Of Data, Implementation Notes . . . . . 37
7.5 Sample Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
8.0 Reserved Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
9.0 Implementation Dependent Information . . . . . . . 42
9.1 DEC VAX-11 VMS Implementation . . . . . . . . . 42
9.2 DEC VAX-11 UNIX Implementation . . . . . . . . . 51
9.3 Amdahl UTS Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . 53
9.4 CDC 6000 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
9.5 DEC DECsystem-10 Implementation . . . . . . . . 59
9.6 IBM System/370 CMS Implementation . . . . . . . 62
9.7 IBM System/370 MTS Implementation . . . . . . . 65
APPENDIX A SEMANTIC DEFINITIONS OF STRING PRIMITIVES
APPENDIX B CHANGES EFFECTED IN RECENT VERSIONS
INTRODUCTION PAGE 3
1.0 Introduction
This document describes the NYU LITTLE implementation of the SETL
Language; it is organized so that material common to all
implementations is presented first, followed by material applicable to
particular implementations.
The system consists of a translation phase and an execution phase. The
translation phase transforms SETL source into an internal form known as
Q2. The execution phase consists of an interpreter which interprets the
generated Q2 instructions. The translation phase consists of three
subphases, known as PRS, SEM and COD. The execution phase is known as
LIB.
The system is written in an implementation language called LITTLE. The
use of LITTLE is usually transparent to the SETL user, but does show up
in some areas such as program parameters and input/output. Certain
arbitrary limits are also imposed, though these should not be
encountered in ordinary use.
This implementation supports the language as described in the SETL
Language Reference Manual (March 12th, 1980), except as noted below:
1.1 Features Not Implemented
1. CASE OF variant of CASE statement
2. CASE OF variant of CASE expression
3. FROMB, FROME for string right operand
4. VAL
5. REVERSE
6. REPLACE
7. Multiple uses of names.
A name used in a PROGRAM statement cannot be used to name a
variable or other procedure. A name used in a VAR statement
cannot be used as the name of a formal parameter.
8. EOF for GET
EOF doesn't work for GET. You must test the argument, which is
set to OM when the end of the file is reached:
GET(afile,datum);
IF datum=OM then ... end-processing ; end if;
INTRODUCTION PAGE 4
1.2 Features Implemented Differently
1. Several input/output features implemented differently. See
section 3 for details.
2. The ELSE clause in CASE expression is required.
3. Assignments of the form:
[x,y] := z;
where z is OM or not a tuple cause compile or run-time errors.
4. The semantics of the assert statement
assert left_hand_side := expression;
is defined to mean 'test whether left_hand_side equals
expression; if they are unequal, print an error message and
assign expression to left_hand_side.' This feature is useful
during debugging of programs, in particular in connection with
the run-time error limit feature described below.
1.3 Additional Features
These are described in section 4. Note also that section 4 describes
procedures which are implemented, but not yet described in the language
reference manual.
STANDARD PROCEDURES PAGE 5
2.0 Standard Procedures
This section describes the standard procedures of the SETL system, which
should be available in all implementations. It includes all the
standard procedures, including some which are also described in the
Reference Manual, in which case the description here describes how the
procedures operate in this implementation.
The implementation provides several "pattern match" procedures based on
those of the SNOBOL4 language. The procedures are ANY, BREAK, LEN,
LPAD, MATCH, NOTANY, RANY, RBREAK, RLEN, RMATCH, RNOTANY, RPAD, RSPAN
and SPAN. They have the form:
proc(RW str, RD exp)
The first argument is a string and the second argument is either a
string or integer. The procedure attempts to match part of the first
operand string. If the match can be done, the procedure "succeeds" and
returns the matched substring, and also removes the matched string from
the argument. If the match cannot be done, the procedure "fails" and
returns OM. Appendix A contains definitions of these procedures in
SETL.
For historical reasons, the implementation supports several procedures
which are recognized but are to be considered undefined. They will not
be described here. Pending their removal, the only effect of their
presence is that their names are reserved words, as follows:
GETK PUTK REWIND
ANY(RW str, str)
ANY is a pattern match which succeeds if the first character of
the first argument occurs in the second operand. ANY fails if
the first argument is null.
BREAK(RW str, str)
BREAK is a pattern match which succeeds if the first argument
contains a character which is in the second argument. BREAK
matches the initial substring of the first argument which does
not contain any characters which are in the second argument.
CLOSE(file)
CLOSE terminates the input/output to a file initiated by a prior
call to OPEN.
STANDARD PROCEDURES PAGE 6
EJECT() or EJECT(filename)
EJECT causes a page eject on the specified file. If no argument
is specified, the eject occurs on the standard output file. If
the specified file is not the standard output file, it must have
been opened with 'PRINT' specified as second argument to OPEN.
EOF
EOF returns TRUE if the last input operation encountered end of
data; otherwise EOF returns FALSE.
GET(file, WR lhs, ...)
GET reads successive lines from the specified file, and assigns
them as strings to the corresponding left hand sides. Any input
values which were not available because of encountering the end
of file cause the corresponding arguments to be set to undefined
(OM).
GETB(file, WR lhs, ...)
GETB reads binary values from the file specified by the first
argument. GETB should be used only for files created using the
PUTB binary output procedure. Any input values which were not
available because of encountering the end of file cause the
corresponding arguments to be set to undefined (OM).
GETEM(WR lhs, WR lhs)
GETEM assigns the current run-time error mode to its first
argument and assigns the current run-time error limit to its
second argument. See section 5 for further information.
GETIPP(str)
GETIPP obtains a program parameter value specified by its
argument, which has the form
'NAME=DEFVAL/ALTVAL'
GETIPP makes available to the user the same scheme used to
obtain program parameters that is used by the SETL system, as
described in section 6. GETIPP returns an integer value.
GETSPP(str)
GETSPP is similar to GETIPP except that it returns a string.
HOST() or HOST(...)
The usual, and always acceptable, implementation is for HOST to
return the undefined value (OM). Particular implementations may
provide other features; consult section 8 for details.
STANDARD PROCEDURES PAGE 7
LEN(RW str, int)
LEN is a pattern match procedure. It succeeds if the first
argument length is as large as the second argument. An error
occurs if the second argument is negative.
LPAD(str, int)
LPAD returns the result of padding the first argument to the
length given by the second argument. Blanks are added, as
needed, to the left. If the length of the first argument
exceeds the value of the second argument, the first argument is
returned unchanged.
MATCH(RW str, str)
MATCH is a pattern match which succeeds if the second argument
occurs as an initial substring of the first argument.
NOTANY(RW str, str)
NOTANY is a pattern match that succeeds if both arguments are
not null, and the first argument begins with a character not
contained in the second argument.
OPEN(file, mode)
OPEN opens a file specified by the first argument. The
acceptable forms of the first argument are machine-dependent in
that the value is a file name as defined by the execution
environment. The second argument is a string, and must be one
of the following:
'BINARY-IN' binary input
'BINARY' same as 'BINARY-IN'
'BINARY-OUT' binary output
'TEXT-IN' text input
'TEXT' same as 'TEXT-IN'
'TEXT-OUT' text output
'CODED' same as 'TEXT'
'CODED-IN' same as 'TEXT-IN'
'CODED-OUT' same as 'TEXT-OUT'
'PRINT' text file for printing
The second argument specifies the format of the file and also
whether the file is to be read or written. In mixed-case
implementations, the second argument can be written using all
upper-case or all lower-case characters; for example, 'TEXT' or
'text', but not 'Text'. Open may be used as a logical function.
It returns TRUE if it was able to open the file, and FALSE if it
was not. Attempting to use the file in an illegal manner will
produce a run time error.
STANDARD PROCEDURES PAGE 8
PRINT(expr, ...)
PRINT converts its arguments into strings as appropriate and
writes them to the standard output file.
PRINTA(file, expr, ...)
PRINTA is similar to PRINT, except that output is sent to the
file specified by the first argument.
PUT(file, expr, ...)
PUT writes text lines to the file specified by the first
argument. Each expression argument must be a string and results
in a single line being written to the specified file.
PUTB(file, expr, ...)
PUTB writes binary values to the file specified the first
argument. Each expression is written in an appropriate internal
form which can later be read in using the GETB procedure.
RANY(RW str, str)
RANY is similar to ANY except that it matches from the right.
RBREAK(RW str, str)
RBREAK is similar to BREAK except that it matches from the
right.
READ(WR lhs, ...)
READ reads values from the standard input file. Any input
values which were not available because of encountering the end
of file cause the corresponding arguments to be set to undefined
(OM).
READA(file, WR lhs, ...)
READA is similar to READ except the first argument specifies the
file which is to be read.
RLEN(RW str, len)
RLEN is similar to LEN except that it matches from the right.
RMATCH(RW str, str)
RMATCH is similar to MATCH except that it matches from the
right.
STANDARD PROCEDURES PAGE 9
RNOTANY(RW str, str)
RNOTANY is similar to NOTANY except that it matches from the
right.
RPAD(str, int)
RPAD is similar to LPAD except that any needed blanks are added
to the right of the first argument value.
RSPAN(RW str, str)
RSPAN is similar to SPAN except that it matches from the right.
SETEM(integer, integer)
SETEM sets the values of the run-time error mode and error limit
according to the values of its first and second arguments,
respectively. See section 5 for further information.
SPAN(str, str)
SPAN is a pattern match which matches the longest initial
substring of its first argument which consists solely of
characters in the second argument. SPAN must match at least one
character if it succeeds.
TITLE() or TITLE(str)
TITLE with no arguments disables generation of titles. TITLE
with an argument enables titling and establishes the argument as
the title string of the next page. The implementation differs
from the definition in that TITLE does not cause a page eject
but leaves the standard output file on the last line of the
current page so that the next print statement causes a page
eject. Hence several calls to TITLE, without intervening
actions that create output, just establish the argument of the
last call, if it is not null, as the title of the next page.
INPUT/OUTPUT PAGE 10
3.0 Input/output
The implementation of the input/output features differs in a number of
ways from the definition.
If READ or READA are used to input a real value with an exponent, the
letter "E" must be specified in upper case.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES PAGE 11
4.0 Additional Features
The implementation includes several additional features.
These include listing control, remote text inclusion, a macro processor,
and error values. Error values are described in section 5.
4.1 Listing Control Commands
Listing control commands are used to alter the form of the source
program listing. They have no other effect on compilation or execution.
They always occur on a separate line which begins with the characters
" .". The listing control commands are as follows:
.LIST
Causes listing of following lines.
.NOLIST
Disables listing of following lines.
.EJECT
Causes generation of a new page on the standard output file.
.TITLE
Gives a title which will appear at the top of subsequent pages.
The AT program parameter may be used to request "automatic
titling" which causes each new procedure definition to force an
eject with a title derived from the line containing the
procedure definition header. The title text cannot contain the
delimiting apostrophe character.
4.2 Remote Text Inclusion
Remote text can be merged with the standard input file during
compilation using the .COPY command (recall that the command begins with
' .' in the first two columns.). The command line has the form
.COPY 'name'
and causes the specified remote text to be effectively substituted in
place of the .COPY command. The remote text must be in an inclusion
library. Sections of an inclusion library are specified by a line which
begins with ' .=MEMBER name". A section is terminated by the next
following MEMBER line or the end of the library.
The remote text may contain .COPY commands. However, the depth of
nested copies is limited to five.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES PAGE 12
The ILIB program parameter specifies the file containing the inclusion
library.
4.3 Macro Processor
The compiler provides a macro processor which supports macros with
parameters and generated local symbols.
A macro definition has one of the following forms:
MACRO macro_name; macro_body ENDM;
MACRO macro_name (arglist); macro_body ENDM;
The keyword ENDM may be followed by the macro name to increase
readability. In both these forms macro_name is the macro name and
macro_body is any sequence of text not containing macro_name. The
argument list consists of a list of names of formal parameters and
generated parameters:
(fp1, fp2...; gp1, gp2...)
At least one formal or generated parameter must be present. The
semicolon appears only if there is at least one generated parameter.
A macro with no arguments is invoked by writing its name, which is then
replaced with the macro body. A macro with arguments is invoked in the
form
macro_name(ap1, ap2...)
where the number of actual parameters is the same as the number of
formal parameters. Each actual parameter is any sequence of tokens not
containing a comma which is not included within parentheses. An
invocation is replaced by the macro body, with each instance of a formal
parameter replaced by the corresponding actual parameter.
Macros with generated arguments are expanded similarly, except that a
unique name is generated for each generated parameter, and each instance
of the generated parameter is replaced by the corresponding name.
The text of a macro with arguments may contain embedded macro
definitions; these definitions become active when the macro is invoked.
Macro expansion is recursive, and outside-in.
Macros are undefined using the form:
DROP macro_name1, macro_name2, ... macro_namen;
which undefines each of the specified names.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES PAGE 13
4.4 Synonyms
Several synonyms are recognized: OPERATOR for OP, PROCEDURE for PROC,
and WHERE for ST.
4.5 CONST Name
The form "CONST name;" where name has not been previously declared is
taken to be:
CONST name='name';
i.e., a constant string.
4.6 FORALL Permitted For Iterators
To provide compatibility with previous versions, FORALL may be used to
begin iterators:
(FOR x IN S)... END;
(FORALL x IN s)...END;
are equivalent.
4.7 ARB In CASE Tag
A CASE tag may have the form ARB S, where S is a constant set.
4.8 Backtracking
Backtracking is a powerful means of expressing search algorithms. The
backtracking primitives are the OK operator, the LEV operator, the FAIL
statement and the SUCCEED statement.
OK is a niladic operator which saves the current values of all variables
declared with the BACK attribute. The current position within the
program is also saved.
The FAIL statement has the form:
FAIL;
The values of all variables saved by the last OK are restored. The
value of the last OK is set to FALSE and execution continues.
LEV is a niladic operator which returns the number of environments
currently being saved.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES PAGE 14
The SUCCEED statement has the form:
SUCCEED;
If a program performs a series of OK's and never reaches a FAIL then the
saved values will tend to overflow memory. The SUCCEED statement
releases the memory used for the last OK. It asserts that the program
will never try to fail out of the OK.
4.8.1 Demonstration Program Using Backtracking
$ The 8 queens problem : E. Schonberg, NYU
PROGRAM queens;
VAR numqueens, boardsize, board;
print('number of queens : '); read(numqueens);
print('board size : '); read(boardsize);
board := { [i,j] : i IN [1..boardsize], j IN [1..boardsize] };
queens_backt(); $ backtracking version .
STOP;
PROC queens_backt;
VAR used , possible : BACK;
used := {};
(WHILE #used < numqueens )
possible := safe(used);
IF (EXISTS pos IN possible ST OK ) THEN
used WITH:= pos;
ELSE FAIL;
END IF;
END WHILE;
printboard(used);
END PROC;
PROC safe(used);
$ this utility procedure produces the board positions that are
$ not under attack, after the positions in -used-
$ have been occupied.
RETURN
{pos IN board ST (FORALL u IN used ST NOT attack(pos,u)) };
END;
ADDITIONAL FEATURES PAGE 15
PROC attack(p1, p2);
$ this utility checks whether positions p1 and p2 are
$ mutually threatening.
RETURN
(p1(1) = p2(1) ) OR $ same row.
(p1(2) = p2(2) ) OR $ same column .
( (p1(1) - p1(2)) = (p2(1) - p2(2))) OR $ same up diagonal.
( (p1(1) + p1(2)) = (p2(1) + p2(2))); $ same down diagonal.
END;
PROC printboard(used);
top := boardsize * '__' + '_';
row := boardsize * 'I_' + 'I';
print; print;
print(top);
(FORALL rownum IN [ 1..boardsize] )
nextrow := row;
(FORALL colpos IN used{rownum})
nextrow(2*colpos) := '*';
END;
print(nextrow);
END FORALL;
print; print;
END PROC;
END PROGRAM;
ADDITIONAL FEATURES PAGE 16
4.9 Representation Sublanguage
Representation declarations are used to indicate the representation of
variables, procedures, operators, and symbolic constants.
Each series of declarations can be followed by a REPR clause which has
the format:
REPR
END [REPR];
4.9.1 Location Of Representation Declarations
Representations for all variables and constants declared in a directory
must occur after all global declarations and interface statements within
the directory.
Representations for all variables and constants declared at the
beginning of a library, program or module must occur immediately after
all global-to-library, global-to-program, or global-to-module
declarations and the optional interface statements within the same
library, program or module.
Representations for library procedures must occur at the start of the
library after the global variable declarations.
Procedures exported by programs and modules must have their
representations declared in the directory. Procedures which are local
to a library, program or module are declared in the library, program or
module.
Formal parameters are represented implicitly by giving the
representation of their procedure. These representation declarations
can be duplicated within the procedure itself. Such duplicate
representation declarations are checked for consistency.
4.9.2 Restrictions
Library procedures cannot have based arguments or return a based value.
Variables declared to have LOCAL basing on a base B must have their
representations declared in the same scope as B. Formal parameters can
only be based on bases global to module or global to directory.
Formal parameters can have LOCAL basing if their procedures are not
recursive. Local variables can have LOCAL basing if their procedures
are not recursive and if the variables are not backtracked.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES PAGE 17
4.9.3 REPR Statement
The REPR declaration statement consists of a series of clauses. Each
clause is a BASE clause, a PLEX BASE clause, a MODE clause, or a
representation clause.
The BASE clause declares a series of names to be bases. Its format is:
BASE ;
A base name is either a name or the name of a constant set which has
already appeared in a CONST statement.
The PLEX BASE clause declares a series of names to be plex bases. It is
similar to the base clause, but begins with the word PLEX, i.e.
PLEX BASE : ;
A representation clause gives the types of variables, symbolic
constants, procedures and user defined operators, and has the form:
: ;
4.9.4 Modes
This section gives an informal description of the productions for
along with their meanings.
general variable can have any type
* synonym for general
ELMT element of base
mode declared in prior MODE clause
INTEGER integer
INTEGER cexp ... cexp integer in range cexp...cexp
REAL
STRING
ATOM
ERROR
UNTYPED REAL
UNTYPED INTEGER
SET(mode)
SET set(*)
TUPLE(mode) tuple of mode
TUPLE(mode) (n) tuple of mode, estimated length n
TUPLE tuple(*)
TUPLE(m1, ..., mn) mixed tuple : component i has mode mi
ADDITIONAL FEATURES PAGE 18
MAP(m1, ..., mn) mn+1 (ambiguous) map
SMAP(m1, ..., mn) mn+1 single valued map
MMAP{m1, ..., mn} mn+1 map likely to be multivalued
MAP synonym for MAP(*) *
SMAP synonym for SMAP(*) *
MMAP synonym for MMAP{*} *
MAP(m1, ..., mn) synonym for MAP(m1, ..., mn) *
SMAP(m1, ..., mn) synonym for SMAP(m1, ..., mn) *
MMAP(m1, ..., mn) synonym for MMAP{m1, ..., mn} set(*)
MMAP(m1, ..., mn) mn+1 synonym for MMAP{m1, ..., mn} set(mn+1)
LOCAL
REMOTE
SPARSE
PACKED
PROC(m1, ..., mn) mn+1 procedure
PROC(m1, ..., mn)
PROC
PROC() m
OP(m1, ..., mn) mn+1 Operator
OP(m1, ..., mn)
OP
4.10 Structuring Large Programs
This section uses the syntax conventions of chapter 8 of the reference
manual to describe the means provided for organizing large SETL
programs.
A SETL program may consist of a directory, a program unit and also
module and library units.
module_prog {library_unit}
direc_unit prog_unit
{module_unit}
{decl_repr}
direc_unit DIRECTORY tok_nam ;
{decl}
PROGRAM tok_nam - tok_nam : dir_spec
{MODULE tok_nam - tok_nam : dir_spec }
END [DIRECTORY [...] ] ;
decl VAR tok_nam {, tok_nam} [: BACK] ; |
CONST declcon {, declcon} ; |
INIT tok_nam := constant
{, tok_nam := constant} ; |
declcon toknam [ = constant ]
decl_repr REPR repr {repr} END [REPR [...]] ;
ADDITIONAL FEATURES PAGE 19
The DIRECTORY unit gives the relationships between the other units and
includes the declarations of any global variables and constants. The
PROGRAM unit contains the main program. The MODULE and LIBRARY units
contain groups of related procedures.
Units referenced within the directory have names of the form:
dir_name - unit_name
dir_name is the name given in the DIRECTORY statement, and unit_name is
the name of the unit.
4.10.1 Directory Specification
A directory specification has the form;
dir_spec {dir_item} {decl_repr}
dir_item reads_item | writes_item |
exports_item | imports_item
reads_item READS tok_nam {, tok_nam} ; |
READS ALL;
writes_item WRITES tok_nam {, tok_nam} ; |
WRITES ALL;
imports_item IMPORTS pspec {, pspec} ;
exports_item EXPORTS pspec {, pspec} ;
lib_item LIBRARIES tok_nam {, tok_nam} ;
pspec tok_nam [ ( pspeca {, pspeca} ) ] |
tok_nam [ ( {pspeca ,} pspeca ( * ) ]
pspeca RD [tok_nam]
WR [tok_nam]
RW [tok_nam]
[tok_nam]
A reads_item lists the global variables and constants which may be read
within a unit. A writes_item lists the global variables to which new
values may be assigned within a unit.
An imports_item lists the procedures defined elsewhere which are used
within a unit. An exports_item lists the procedures defined within the
unit which can be imported by other units.
A lib_item lists the libraries used within a unit and causes all of the
procedures of the library to be imported.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES PAGE 20
4.10.2 PROGRAM Unit
The program unit defines the main program:
prog_unit PROGRAM tok_nam - tok_nam ;
{lib_item}
dir_spec
{decl decl_repr}
{stmt}
{refine}
{routine}
END [PROGRAM [...] ] ;
The program unit is similar to the program part of a short SETL program
which consists solely of a program unit and procedures.
4.10.3 MODULE Unit
A module_unit contains a set of related procedures:
module_unit MODULE tok_nam - tok_nam ;
{lib_item}
dir_spec
{decl decl_repr}
routine
{routine}
END [MODULE [...] ] ;
The procedures may access global variables declared in the directory.
Directory specifications within the MODULE may be included for
documentary purposes. If given, they must agree with the specifications
in the DIRECTORY.
4.10.4 LIBRARY Unit
A library unit has the form:
library_unit LIBRARY tok_nam ;
{lib_item}
{exports_item}
{decl decl_repr}
routine
{routine}
END [LIBRARY [...] ] ;
A library_unit is similar to a module_unit except that it may not access
global variables.
ERRORS PAGE 21
5.0 Compilation And Execution Errors
During the course of translation or execution the system may detect an
error.
5.1 Translation Errors
Translation errors cause generation of an error message on the standard
output file. Since the compiler runs in three phases, three distinct
listing files may be produced. Most ordinary syntactic errors will be
caught by the first (PRS) phase. Errors uncovered by the SEM and COD
phases are usually more global in nature. The error recovery scheme
used is quite weak, and error messages after the first few may not be
too reliable.
Several program parameters are related to error processing. The PEL,
SEL and CEL parameters respectively specify the maximum number of errors
permitted during the PRS, SEM and COD phases. A choice of low values
can force compilation to terminate after the detection of a small number
of errors. The UV option can be used to identify undeclared variables.
The compiler contains a number of tables which in some cases may
overflow. Overflow is reported by the generation of an error message,
usually containing the internal name of the table, and compilation is
abnormally terminated. Errors of this sort require that the program be
made "smaller", for example, by dividing a large procedure into several
smaller procedures.
5.2 Execution Errors
Processing of errors during execution (run-time) is controlled by the
REL and REM program parameters, and by the GETEM and SETEM builtin
procedures. The system deals with errors according to the error mode in
effect. Certain errors (deemed "fatal") always cause execution to
abnormally terminate. Otherwise error handling depends on current error
mode and error limit, as follows:
1. EM=1
Ignore error if possible, yield OM as value.
2. EM=2
Print error message, increment error count. If the cumulative
error count exceeds the error limit, abnormally terminate
execution. Otherwise, yield OM as value and continue
execution.
ERRORS PAGE 22
3. EM=3
Increment error count, continue execution. This mode is used
by the SETL optimizer; its use is not suggested.
4. EM=4
Print error message, increment error count. If the cumulative
error count exceeds the error limit, abnormally terminate
execution. Otherwise, return a special "error value" and
continue execution. An error value is a special internal
object which contains an encoding of the point in the program
at which the error occurred. Error values may be printed, in
which case the description of the program point is converted
into readable form.
The initial error mode is specified by the REM program parameter. The
initial error limit is specified by the REL program parameter. The
procedure GETEM(a, b) assigns the current error mode to a and the
current error limit to b. The procedure SETEM(a, b) sets the error mode
to a and the error limit to b.
5.3 TRACE Statement
The current implementation recognizes but does not fully process a trace
statement which has the form:
trace_stmt trace_key trace_opt {,trace_opt}
trace_key TRACE | NOTRACE
trace_opt CALLS | STATEMENTS | name
This feature is not fully working. The CALLS and STATEMENTS traces are
available. TRACE name is available in experimental form on some but not
all systems.
5.4 DEBUG Statement (System Checkout)
The current implementation includes a debugging statement used for
system checkout which has the form:
DEBUG dopt {, dopt};
It is not needed for ordinary use; it is described here for
completeness. Users of an experimental bent can use it to probe system
innards; also on occasion requests may be made to use this feature to
assist in remote diagnosis of a problem. Not all options need to work
on every system.
ERRORS PAGE 23
5.4.1 PRS Options
The options that apply to PRS are:
PTRM0 disable macro-processor trace
PTRM1 enable macro-processor trace
PTRP0 disable parser trace
PTRP1 enable parser trace
PTRT0 disable token trace
PTRT1 enable token trace
PRSOD list "open" tokens
PRSPD list polish and x-polish tables
PRSSD list symbol table
5.4.2 SEM Options
The options that apply to SEM are:
STRE0 disable entry trace
STRE1 enable entry trace.
STRS0 disable ASTACK trace. ASTACK is the argument stack.
STRS1 enable ASTACK trace
SQ1CD list Q1 code
SQ1SD list Q1 symbol table
SCSTD list CSTACK.
5.4.3 COD Options
The options that apply to COD are:
CQ1CD list Q1 code
CQ1SD list Q1 symbol table
CQ2CD list Q2 code
5.4.4 LIB Options
The options that apply to LIB are:
RTRE0 disable entry trace of SETL LIB procedures
RTRE1 enable entry trace to procedures in SETL LIB
RTRC0 disable code trace
RTRC1 enable code trace
RTRG0 disable garbage collector trace
RTRG1 enable garbage collector trace
RGCD0 disable dynamic storage dumps during garbage collection
RGCD1 enable dynamic storage dumps during garbage collection
ERRORS PAGE 24
RDUMP dump dynamic storage to file specified by DUMP= program
parameter for later examination using DMP program
RGARB force a garbage collection
5.5 Expiration Check
The distributed system may contain an expiration check. During the
month before expiration, a warning message of the form
nnn DAYS TO EXPIRATION.
is generated at the start of the standard output file. Consult the
system manager if this message appears, so arrangements to acquire a new
copy of the SETL system can be made before expiration. Expiration is
signaled by issuing the message
EXPIRED, OBTAIN NEW COPY.
and then execution is abnormally terminated.
PROGRAM PARAMETERS PAGE 25
6.0 Program Parameters
This section describes the program parameters supported by the compiler
and interpreter. These parameters are specified as part of the command
line used to invoke the SETL system. The system program parameters are
described in the LITTLE format
NAME=DEFVAL/ALTVAL
where NAME is the parameter value, DEFVAL is the default value if the
parameter is not otherwise specified, and ALTVAL is the value taken if
the parameter name alone is given. Parameter values are either decimal
integers or character strings. For example, given
P=0/1
then if P not mentioned, value 0 is implied. If P alone specified, then
value 1 is implied. If P=n specified, the value n is implied.
A number of parameters have the form NAME=0/1. Such values are logical
switches in that they select one of two cases, according as value is
zero or non-zero. In the latter case, the option is said to be ENABLED
or SELECTED.
Each parameter description mentions the phases for which the parameter
has meaning. Note that the parameter codes have been chosen so that the
same list can be passed to all phases; i.e., the same parameter does
not have differing meanings in different phases.
Parameter values are sought left to right so that, for example,
P=1,LIST,P=2
yields value 1 for parameter P.
Parameters specifying files tend to be machine-dependent; see section 8
for the conventions and defaults used for a particular implementation.
ASM=0/1 (COD)
Controls whether assembly code output for hard code is produced.
ASSERT=1/2 (LIB)
Specifies processing of ASSERT statements, as follows:
0 - Treat all assertions as no-ops; the expression of the
assert statement is not evaluated.
1 - Test all assertions, yield error on assertion failure.
2 - Test all assertions, print true assertions, yield error
on assertion failure.
PROGRAM PARAMETERS PAGE 26
AT=0/1 (PRS)
Controls whether automatic titling is in effect. This option is
enabled by AT=1. If enabled, then each new procedure causes a
new page on the listing. Note that a listing is produced only
if the listing option (LIST=1) is specified.
BACK=0/1 (COD)
Controls whether code supporting backtracking is generated.
This option must be selected if the program uses backtracking.
BIND=0/filename (SEM)
Specifies BINDer file used to merge results of prior
compilations. This feature is intended to permit separate
compilation. It is under development and will not be described
further.
CA=0/0 (COD)
Gives length of constants area. If zero specified, value used
is half that given by H= parameter. A value less than 1024 is
multiplied by 1024; for example CA=2 is equivalent to CA=2048.
CEL=1000/1000 (COD)
Specifies the COD error limit. If more than the specified
number of errors are detected by the COD phase, compilation is
terminated.
CSET=EXT/POR (PRS)
Specifies character set of SETL source, as follows:
POR Portable character set
<< for left set bracket
>> for right set bracket
(/ for left tuple bracket
/) for right tuple bracket
EXT Extended set, consisting of portable set plus
{ for left set bracket
} for right set brace
[ for left tuple bracket
] for right tuple bracket
| for ST
! for ST
The above characters are the standard ASCII extended set. The
actual character available is of course machine dependent.
PROGRAM PARAMETERS PAGE 27
CTRACE=0/1 (LIB)
Controls whether the procedure call trace feature of the SETL
Debugger is activated. This feature is under development.
DEBUG=0/1 (LIB)
Controls whether the SETL Debugger is activated. This feature
is under development.
DITER=0/1 (SEM)
Controls whether compiler may assume that within loops objects
being iterated over are not modified. The default value is
consistent with the definition in that iterations always cause a
copy to be made of the object being iterated over, thus
permitting modification of the object. When selected, the
compiler will not cause the copy to be made.
DUMP=filename (LIB)
Specifies file to receive internal dump of SETL heap; this
feature used for system checkout. This feature also permits
programs with a lengthy initialization process to be run with
the initialization done only once. For example, consider the
program
program main;
initialize();
debug rgarb; debug rdump;
mainbody();
...
Then if the program is run and the DUMP file is specified,
further runs can be done by using the DUMP file generated as the
Q2 file.
ETIM=0/1 (all)
Specifies whether elapsed execution time should be reported on
the standard listing file.
H=0/0 (COD,LIB)
Specifies initial heap length. A value less than 1024 is
multiplied by 1024; for example, H=2 is equivalent to H=2048.
This value need be specified only to set an initial large heap
size in order to prevent system expanding heap in steps when
prior runs have revealed that a large heap is needed. The
default of zero specifies that the SETL system is to set up a
heap of reasonable size that should be sufficient for most
applications.
PROGRAM PARAMETERS PAGE 28
I=filename (LTL)
Specifies the standard input file.
ILIB=filename (LTL)
Specifies the file containing the inclusion library. This
parameter has meaning only if the .COPY command is used to
include remote text.
LCP=0/1 (all)
Controls whether program parameters are listed on the standard
listing file.
LCS=1/0 (all)
Controls whether execution statistics are listed on the standard
listing file.
L=filename (LTL)
Specifies name of standard output (listing) file.
LIST=0/1 (PRS)
Controls whether listing of source program is produced. LIST=1
must be selected to produce a listing.
MAX_HEAP=0/ (LIB)
Allow heap expansion to specified number of SETL words. Zero,
the default, is interpreted as 'take what is left in the
process' address space minus what is expected to be needed for
i/o buffers' (cf. NOF program parameter).
MEAS=0/1 (PRS)
Controls whether program measurements are to be made of time
spent in LIB phases. This feature is under development and is
currently not of interest to the ordinary user.
MLEN=1000/ (PRS)
Gives maximum number of tokens allowed in single macro body.
NOF=5/ (LIB)
Number Of Files that are open simultaneously. This parameter
assures that the dynamic storage management routines leave
enough address space to the operating system so that the user
can have NOF open files.
PROGRAM PARAMETERS PAGE 29
OPT=0/1 (PRS, SEM, OPT, COD)
Controls whether global optimization is in effect. This option
has effect only if the SETL optimizer is available.
PEL=1000/1000 (PRS)
Gives the PRS error limit. If more than the specified number of
errors are detected during the PRS phase, compilation is
abnormally terminated.
PFCC=1/0 (LTL)
Controls whether standard output file contains carriage control
information. If PFCC=0 selected, then no carriage control is
provided.
PFCL=0/80 (LTL)
Specifies characters per line of standard output file, including
the column used for carriage control. PCFL=0 specifies the
default line length. PFCL=80 useful when output is directed to
terminal.
PFLL=0/0 (LTL)
Controls, in conjunction with PFPL parameter, whether a line
limit control is to be enforced on the standard output file (see
description of PFPL parameter).
PFLP=60/0 (LTL)
Specifies number of lines per page on the standard output file.
PFPL=100/0 (LTL)
Specifies print file page limit for standard output file. This
parameter, in conjunction with PFLL parameter, controls whether
a page limit control is to be enforced on the standard output
file. There are several cases, as follows:
PFPL=0,PFLL=0
no limits enforced
PFPL=n,PFLL=0 (n>0)
limit of n pages or n*PFLP lines enforced
PFPL=0,PFLL=n (n>0)
limit of n lines enforced
PFPL=n,PFLL=m (n>0,m>0)
limit of n pages or m lines enforced
The default may be set to PFPL=0,PFLL=0 for a particular site if
it is not customary to enforce print file limits.
PROGRAM PARAMETERS PAGE 30
POL=filename (PRS, SEM)
Specifies the intermediate "Polish" file created by PRS and read
by SEM.
Q1=filename (SEM,COD)
Specifies the intermediate Q1 file created by SEM and read by
COD.
Q2=filename (COD,LIB)
Specifies the Q2 file created by COD and read by LIB.
REL=0/0 (LIB)
Specifies the Run-time Error Limit. When more than specified
number of errors are detected, execution is abnormally
terminated. See also the section on "errors".
REM=2/2 (COD)
Specifies the run-time error mode. The need for a value other
than the default should not arise in usual practice. See
section on "errors" for more information.
REPRS=1/1 (SEM, COD)
Controls effect of declared representations on code generation.
REPRS=0 causes compiler to ignore any representation
declarations as much as possible, though declarations are
checked for consistency. Specify REPRS=2 to give same result as
REPRS=1 with additional effect of printing a message during code
generation for each conversion generated between non-primitive
values; this requires use of LIST qualifier to have any effect.
SB={}/<<>> (LIB)
Specifies characters for printing set brackets.
SEL=1000/1000 (SEM)
SEM Error Limit which, if exceeded, causes SEM to abnormally
terminate.
SEQ=LS (PRS)
Selects whether line numbers (SEQ=L), statement numbers (SEQ=S),
both (SEQ=LS), or neither (SEQ=), are listed in source listing.
SIF=0/1 (SEM, COD)
Controls whether intermediate files are to be saved. The
default is to drop intermediate files. However, SIF=1 must be
specified to save the Q1 file when the binder is used.
PROGRAM PARAMETERS PAGE 31
SNAP=0/1 (LIB)
Controls whether SNAP dump of recent values of variables is to
be produced when run-time error detected. Specify zero value to
suppress this dump.
SOCASE=0/0 (LIB)
Controls the case in which values of string-valued primitives
are returned. SOCASE=0 specifies the default case; SOCASE=1
specifies lower case; SOCASE=2 specifies upper case. This
option is useful in porting programs between two systems which
have different default cases; for example, VAX VMS
implementation has upper case as default while VAX UNIX
implementation has lower case as default. Currently this option
affects only the case of values returned by TYPE operator. In
general, TYPE can be avoided by using
IS_INTEGER x
instead of
TYPE x = 'INTEGER'
SQ1=filename (SEM, OPT, COD)
Specifies the file containing SQ1 form of program text. This is
used by the SETL optimizer, which is under development, and will
not be needed for normal use.
SSM=filename (PRS, OPT)
Specifies the file to contain source listing in form of SETL
map. This file is used by the SETL optimizer and also by some
of the SETL measurement facilities.
ST=0/0 (COD)
Specifies the initial length of run-time symbol table. If ST=0
is specified, the system makes a reasonable guess; otherwise
the specified number of words are allocated for the run-time
symbol table. To simplify writing of large values,
specification of ST=n where n<1024 is taken as though ST=n*1024
had been written.
STLO=1/1 (COD)
Specifies initial statement number for measurement. Used in
conjunction with MEAS and STHI parameters.
STHI=0/0 (COD)
Specifies final statement number for measurement. Used in
conjunction with MEAS and STLO parameters.
PROGRAM PARAMETERS PAGE 32
STMT=1/2 (COD)
Controls generation of Q2 STMT quadruples used to record program
position during execution. STMT=0 causes no STMT quadruples to
be generated, so that error messages will indicate first
statement in the procedure in which the error occurred. STMT=1
causes a STMT quadruple to be generated for each statement.
STMT=2 causes an additional STMT quadruple to be generated after
each procedure call; this is only needed for more accuracy in
program profiles generated using the various SETL measurement
facilities.
STRACE=0/1 (LIB)
Controls whether dynamic trace giving statement number of each
statement executed is produced. The statement numbers are given
in the PRS listing (which is generated only if the LIST option
selected).
TB=[]/() (LIB)
Specifies the characters for "tuple brackets" to be used when
printing values.
TERM=filename (LTL)
Identifies the file to receive "terminal" output. If requested,
this file will contain copies of error messages, warnings, etc.,
written to standard output file (see L= parameter). Note that
implementations for interactive systems will usually produce a
terminal file which will be sent to the user's terminal. Other
implementation will produce the output on a separate file. The
option TERM=0 always suppresses the terminal output.
TERMH=0/1 (LTL)
Controls whether a terminal "header line" is to be sent to the
terminal when a program starts up.
TERMP=implementation-dependent (LTL)
Specifies the prompt character for terminal input. TERMP=0
gives no prompt. The default is to prompt on terminal input;
the prompt character varies from implementation to
implementation.
TITLE=0/1 (LIB)
Controls whether LIB will produce standard output file which is
divided into pages and has title for each page.
PROGRAM PARAMETERS PAGE 33
TP=0/0 (PRS)
Controls whether PRS is to terminate compilation if any errors
detected.
UPD=0/1 (PRS)
Controls whether source file is assumed to be in LITTLE UPD
library format (UPD=1), permitting direct compilation of such
library files.
UR=0/1 (SEM)
Controls whether SEM will give warning message for variables for
which no representation declaration has been given. This option
has meaning only if REPRS=1 is in effect.
UV=0/1 (SEM)
Controls whether SEM will give warning message for undeclared
variables.
XPOL=filename (PRS,SEM)
Specifies the intermediate "X-Polish" file created by PRS and
read by SEM.
6.1 Debugging Parameters
The system recognizes a number of program parameters which are used for
system checkout and should not be needed in normal use. Note however,
that the system will search for these parameters in the option string so
that, for example, GDUMP can not be used as name of user parameter for
GETIPP or GETSPP.
CHK SEM check code fragments
CQ1CD COD list Q1 code
CQ1SD COD list Q1 symbol table
CQ2CD COD list Q2 code
CQ2SD COD list Q2 symbol table
CTRE COD trace entry to procedures
DUMP LIB names file to receive storage dump
ENTRY LIB procedure entry trace
ET all obtain dumps after errors
GDUMP LIB save dynamic storage image on file
GTRACE LIB trace garbage collector
IDUMP LIB generate initial dynamic storage dump
MT PRS trace macro processor
PD PRS dump polish text
PT PRS parser trace
SD PRS symbol table dump
PROGRAM PARAMETERS PAGE 34
SQ1CD SEM list Q1 code
SQ1SD SEM list Q1 symbol table
STORES LIB enable stores trace
TRE SEM trace procedure entry
TRP SEM trace polish file
TRS SEM trace astack
TT PRS trace token stream
7.0 Interface To Procedures Not Written In SETL
The interface described in this section is currently available only for
the VAX/VMS implementation and the description is for this
implementation. It is planned to make the interface available for other
SETL implementations, at which time the documentation will be suitably
revised.
The SETL programmer can access procedures written in other languages,
such as FORTRAN or MACRO, thus making it possible to use system features
not available in the standard SETL system and to install high-efficiency
options.
On the VAX it is particularly easy to call procedures written in a
variety of other languages, since VAX VMS uses a standard system-wide
calling sequence. This description will emphasize use of FORTRAN as the
language used to construct a SETL-to-external facilities interface.
However, the same methods can be readily adapted for use with other
languages.
The system works as follows. A FORTRAN 'driver' program passes to SETL
an array giving the addresses of the FORTRAN procedures which are to be
made available. Communication between SETL and FORTRAN involves three
new SETL primitives: PUTF, CALLF and GETF. PUTF stores SETL values in
a communication area. CALLF passes control to a FORTRAN procedure whose
argument list is formed from a specified slice of the communication
area. GETF is then used to retrieve values from the communication area
and make them available to SETL. The types of values that can be
communicated are SETL integers, reals, strings, tuples of integers or
tuples of reals.
The variant SETL LIB, supplemented with the user-provided procedures,
can then be run by using the standard SETLX command. All this permits
the user to provide his own extension to SETL.
To use the interface, the user must supply the main program which
identifies the external procedures to be called using PUTF. This is
done by passing an array whose components are the addresses of the
procedures to be invoked; the I-th entry of this array must be the
address of the procedure to be called when PUTF is called with a first
argument having value I.
For example, the following shows the FORTRAN main program text needed to
define procedures SUB1 and SUB2 as the first and second procedures,
Interface to procedures not written in SETL PAGE 35
respectively, to be accessed using PUTF:
EXTERNAL SUB1,SUB2
INTEGER EARA(2)
EARA(1) = %LOC(SUB1) ! ADDRESS OF FIRST PROCEDURE
EARA(2) = %LOC(SUB2) ! ADDRESS OF SECOND PROCEDURE
CALL STLINT(EARA,2) ! PASS TWO EXTENSION PROCEDURE
! TO SETL
END
7.1 Representation Of Values, Datatypes Supported
The interface uses data representations which reflect the basic hardware
representation of numeric and string quantities. SETL values are put
into this form when presented to interface procedures; results returned
from interface procedures initially use the same form, but are then
converted into the internal form used by the SETL system.
The interface supports the following SETL data types: integer, real,
string, tuple of integers, or tuple of reals.
1. Scalar Integer SETL integers are represented as VAX longwords;
the value spans the full hardware range except for the special
'undefined integer' value used by SETL (which has hex value
'80000000'). In FORTRAN, an integer value must be declared as
INTEGER*4.
2. Scalar Real A SETL real is represented as a VAX longword; the
value spans the full hardware range except for the special
'undefined real' value used by SETL for 'untyped real' (which
has hex value '00000001'). In FORTRAN, a real value must be
represented as REAL.
3. Tuple of Integer or Real A tuple of integers or reals is
represented as an array of longwords. The tuple must contain
no undefined elements, or 'holes'; ie., no element can be the
undefined value OM. When passing values from SETL to the
interface, the type of the tuple is determined from the type of
the first component, which must be an integer or real. The
remaining elements of the tuple must all have the same type.
When returning values from the interface to SETL, all
components of the tuple are interpreted according to the type
specified.
4. Scalar String A SETL string is represented to FORTRAN as a
character string.
Interface to procedures not written in SETL PAGE 36
7.2 SETL Interface Procedures
SETL procedure PUTF passes SETL values to a communication area. CALLF
calls a FORTRAN procedure. GETF makes available results computed by the
interface procedure.
7.2.1 PUTF(int,exp...exp)
The first integer argument of this new primitive gives the starting
index in the communication tuple. The remaining arguments are then used
to assign new values to the components of the communication tuple,
starting at the specified index. The value of the first argument must
be no greater than the length of the communication tuple, except that it
can have value one greater than the length of the communication tuple
(which is initially null), in which case new values are added to the
communication tuple. The expression arguments of PUTF must all be
defined (not OM).
Result values computed by FORTRAN procedures must have same type and
structure as corresponding entry in communication tuple. In particular,
output variables must have their type and structure indicated before
CALLF is invoked. For example, if a procedure is to return an array of
two integers, then the communication entry which it will use for the
data which it returns must be initialized to the tuple [0,0].
7.2.2 CALLF(int,int,int)
The first argument of CALLF identifies the interface procedure be
called. The second argument gives the starting index in the
communication area at which the arguments of the FORTRAN procedure to be
invoked have been placed, and the third argument gives the number of
arguments to be passed. The components selected in the communication
tuple are used to construct a standard FORTRAN argument list and the
selected interface procedure is then called.
7.2.3 GETF(int,lhs...lhs)
The first argument to GETF identifies the starting index in the
communication tuple from which values supplied by a FORTRAN procedure
are to be read. Successive values are then retrieved from the
communication tuple and assigned to the remaining arguments of GETF, in
the order specified.
Interface to procedures not written in SETL PAGE 37
7.3 Using The Interface
To use the interface, you must supply a FORTRAN main program and
auxiliary procedures which you wish to make available. Assume, to be
specific, that all FORTRAN text is in file F.FOR, the SETL program in
file F.STL. Compile your FORTRAN code to obtain F.OBJ, and your SETL
program to get F.COD. Then link to obtain F.EXE as follows:
$ LINK F+'STLLIB
Once this step has built your SETL extension, the resulting EXE file can
be executed directly. You can also substitute your modified SETL for
the standard SETL interpreter by executing the following assignment:
$ SETL_LIB :== $DISK_SPEC:F
where DISK_SPEC must specify device and directory containing the file.
(The full specification MUST be supplied due to the VMS conventions for
defining 'foreign' commands.)
7.4 Sharing Of Data, Implementation Notes
The SETL system uses its own internal representation of values to
maintain type information required for dynamic typing and to support
dynamic storage management. The interface has been designed to pass
values without needless copying; when necessary, copies of values are
made in a work area maintained by the system. In general, copies in the
work area are needed for all data types except strings and tuples of
'untyped' integers of reals. Values returned from the interface are
always copied back into SETL dynamic storage.
NOTE
Addresses of values passed from PUTF to
the interface should not be saved by any
FORTRAN procedure for use in a subsequent
call to an interface procedure, as a SETL
garbage collection may occur, thus voiding
any saved addresses, which will then most
likely refer to other values.
Aside from the cost of creating 'yet another SETL variant', the major
cost of using this feature results from the need to include a full copy
of the SETL run-time system in the executable program; this copy in
turn includes a copy of the LITTLE system and system procedures
themselves. These costs are avoided by default using the VAX/VMS
system, which supports 'shared libraries'.
Interface to procedures not written in SETL PAGE 38
7.5 Sample Program
This section contains an example of the interface. Three features are
provided by the SETL extension defined in our example:
1. String to integer conversion. This feature converts a string
to an integer, and is useful since SETL VAL is not implemented.
2. Real to string formatting. SETL provides no formatting
features for printing real values. This extension provides
access to FORTRAN F-format formatting features.
3. Minimum element of tuple. This part of our example shows how
to access and return tuple values.
A SETL program DEMO1.STL demonstrating this is as follows:
PROGRAM demo1;
$ This variant supports the following PUTF calls:
$ PUTF(1,STRING)
$ converts the second argument to integer
$ PUTF(2,REAL,INTEGER,INTEGER);
$ converts second argument to string using FORTRAN F format.
$ The third argument is the field length. The fourth argument
$ is the number of digits desired after the decimal point.
$ point.
$ PUTF(3,TUP)
$ searches the first argument, which must be integer tuple,
$ returns tuple whose first component is minimum value, and
$ whose second component is the index of the first element
$ in the input tuple having the minimum value.
$ If the input is the null tuple, the output is the tuple
[0,0].
LOOP DO
PRINT('enter putf function number (1:3)');
READ(n);
IF EOF THEN QUIT; END IF;
IF NOT IS_INTEGER n OR n<1 OR n>3 THEN CONTINUE; END IF;
CASE n OF
(1): PRINT('enter string');
READ(s);
PUTF(1,s,0); CALLF(1,1,2); GETF(2,r);
(2): PRINT('enter real, field length, fract');
READ(rv,fld,fract);
PUTF(1,rv,fld,fract,' '*40); CALLF(2,1,4); getf(4,r);
(3): PRINT('enter tuple');
READ(tup);
PUTF(1,tup,#tup,[0,0]); CALLF(3,1,3); GETF(3,r);
END CASE;
PRINT('result type, value: ', type r, r);
END LOOP;
END PROGRAM;
The FORTRAN program DEMO1.FOR defining the extension is as follows:
Interface to procedures not written in SETL PAGE 39
external pimki,pifrs,pimin
integer eara(3)
eara(1) = %loc(pimki)
eara(2) = %loc(pifrs)
eara(3) = %loc(pimin)
call STLINT(eara, 3)
end
subroutine pimki(str,iv)
! convert input string to integer
character*(*) str
integer*4 iv
call for$cnv_in_i(str, iv)
return
end
subroutine pifrs(rv,length,fract,str)
! convert real value to string
! first arg is real, second arg is field length,
! third arg is number of places after decimal point
double precision dv
real rv
character*(*) str
integer iv,fract,length
dv = rv
call for$cnv_out_f(dv, str,%val(fract),)
return
end
subroutine pimin(itup,n,minr)
! find minimum of integer tuple. Return tuple with first
! component the minimum value, second component the least
! index of input tuple with that value
integer*4 minr(2)
if (n.eq.0) then ! if null tuple
minr(1) = 0
minr(2) = 0
else
call pimin1(itup,n,minr)
endif
return
end
subroutine pimin1(ia,na,minr)
integer*4 na,ia(na),minr(2)
minr(1) = ia(1)
minr(2) = 1
do 1 i = 1,na
if (ia(i).lt.minr(1)) then
minr(1) = ia(i)
minr(2) = i
endif
1 continue
return
end
The standard library procedures used in the preceding code are described
in the VAX VMS Common Run-time Procedures Manual.
Interface to procedures not written in SETL PAGE 40
The demonstration program is built by the following command sequence:
$ FORTRAN DEMO1 ! compile FORTRAN text
$ SETL DEMO1/NORUN ! compile SETL text
$ LINK DEMO1+'STLLIB
and is run by executing
$ RUN DEMO1
In response to the prompt PARAMETERS produced by this last command, the
user should type
Q2=DEMO1.COD
Sample inputs are then solicited to verify and demonstrate the correct
operation of the extension.
The program can also be used as the standard SETL library phase by
executing the command
$ setl_lib :== $file_spec:demo1
and then executing it using
$ setlx demo1
RESERVED WORDS PAGE 41
8.0 Reserved Words
The following words have a predefined meaning within a SETL program, and
should only be used for their defined purpose.
abs false match real
acos fix max remote
all float min repr
and floor mmap return
any for mod rewind
arb forall mode rmatch
asin from module rnotany
assert fromb nargs rpad
atan frome newat rspan
atan2 general not rw
atom get notany set
back getb notexists setem
base getem notin sign
boolean getf notrace sin
break getipp npow smap
callf getk odd span
calls getspp of sparse
case goto ok sqrt
ceil host om st
char if op statements
close impl open step
const imports operator stop
continue in or str
cos incs packed string
date init pass subset
debug integer plex succeed
directory is_atom pow tan
div is_boolean print tanh
do is_integer printa term
doing is_map proc then
domain is_real procedure time
drop is_set prog title
eject is_string program trace
elmt is_tuple put true
else len putb tuple
elseif less putf type
end lessf putk until
endm lev quit untyped
eof lib random val
error libraries range var
even library rany where
exists local rbreak while
exit loop rd with
exports lpad read wr
expr macro reada writes
fail map reads yield
IMPLEMENTATION-DEPENDENT INFORMATION PAGE 42
9.0 Implementation Dependent Information
Substantial work has been done to make the NYU LITTLE implementation
portable so that implementations for different machines will be
compatible. Some features, such as file names, command line format, and
so forth, are necessarily machine dependent, and are described in this
section.
9.1 DEC VAX-11 VMS Implementation
9.1.1 Configuration Requirements
This implementation runs on the Digital Equipment Corporation VAX-11
using the VMS V2 operating system. The operating system must have been
configured with a value for VIRTUALPAGECNT not less than 8192, which
provides for a per-process virtual address space of at least 4
megabytes.
9.1.2 Operating Instructions
Symbol definitions and command files for using SETL are available in
file NYU$SETL:SETLDEF.COM. The easiest way to access them is to add
$ @NYU$SETL:SETLDEF
to your LOGIN.COM file.
Individual phases may be run by using the symbolic names SETL_PRS,
SETL_SEM, SETL_COD and SETL_LIB. However, for most applications the
SETL and SETLX commands are more convenient.
Command SETL compiles and executes a SETL program. The form of the
command line is:
$ setl [sourcefile][inputfile][datafile][option...]
Sourcefile is the SETL source file. The sourcefile by default has
extension "STL", so specification of this extension is unnecessary.
Normally, the source file is compiled and executed. A code file is
generated that has the name of the input file and the extension "COD".
The SETL command permits specification of the program parameters in
standard VMS format.
/HARD
Specifies that the code file is to be assembled into VAX machine
code. The resulting executable file has extension "EXE".
/CODE[=file] (D)
/NOCODE
DEC VAX VMS IMPLEMENTATION PAGE 43
The code option indicates whether a code file is to be generated
by the code generation phase (COD). The default is to generate
such a file using the name of the input file and the default
extension "COD". With the code option an explicit file may be
specified; the default extension is "COD".
/DATA=file
Specifies the data file to be used in the interpreter phase
(LIB). If not specified the data input file is assumed to be
SYS$INPUT. Specification using this option overrides that
specified by providing the datafile name to the SETL or SETLX
commands. No default extension is provided. Any required
extension must be given.
/LIST[=file]
/NOLIST (D)
The option /LIST is used to obtain a listing of the source file.
If no file is specified, then the input file name together with
the default extension "LIS" will be used. If an explicit
listing file is given, the extension may be omitted, in which
case the default, "LIS", will be used. The option /NOLIST
signifies that no listing file is to be generated. If the
program is executed then the listing will be written to the file
specified, unless it is desired to have the execution output
appear on a different file, in which case the XLIST option can
be used to specify the file to receive the execution listing.
/PARM=
Specifies string to be included in parameter list passed to all
compiler phases. If the string begins "NO", then these
characters are removed, and the characters "=0" added at the end
before passing along the argument. For example, /PARM=NOUV is
translated to UV=0 which disables check for undeclared
variables.
/RUN (D)
/NORUN
Specifies that the program is to be executed (interpreted).
/XLIST[=file]
Specifies the execution listing file, if it is desired that the
execution listing be on a file different from that specified by
the LIST option. If this option is not given, the default
listing file is SYS$OUTPUT. When given, the default extension
is "LIS". If /XLIST is specified without a file, then the
source file name (SETL) or the input file name (SETLX) is used
for the list file name, with extension "LIS".
/xxxFILE[=file]
This is a file specification parameter for SETL LIB execution.
The 'xxx' denotes a one to three character extension, for
example, 'DAT', the the file is assumed to have by default. The
file specification may be absent, in which the source file name
(SETL) or the input file name (SETLX) is used. The procedure
call GETSPP('xxxFILE=/') may be used to interrogate this option
DEC VAX VMS IMPLEMENTATION PAGE 44
within the program.
Command SETLX executes a previously compiled SETL program.
The form of the command line is:
SETLX [codefile][inputfile][datafile][option...]
The code file is either a SETL 'code' file or an executable file with
extension "EXE". If no explicit extension is given, then an executable
file (with extension "EXE") is used if it exists; otherwise a code file
with extension "COD" is assumed.
The input file is the standard SETL input file. If no file is
specified, then SYS$INPUT is assumed. The data file is an alternate
input file, identified through the SETL call GETSPP('DATA=/') in the
program. If not specified, then SYS$INPUT is assumed.
In addition to any user supplied options, the following options
described under the SETL command are relevant to SETLX:
/ASSERT /GTRACE /H=n /LIST /REL=n
/SNAP /STRACE /TITLE /xxxFILE
9.1.3 Specifying Parameters
Program parameters for the SETL and SETLX command are specified in
standard VMS fashion. The maximum length of the parameter list is 300
characters; the maximum length of a single parameter is 63 characters.
When running the individual phases separately, the parameter list may be
entered on the command line which invokes the program; if not entered,
the program will prompt for parameters.
For example,
$ SETL_PRS I=T.STL
9.1.4 Character Set
Full ASCII character set with upper and lower case letters.
9.1.5 Source Program Format
The compiler examines only the first 72 columns of each line of SETL
source text. Instances of horizontal tabs and form feeds in the source
DEC VAX VMS IMPLEMENTATION PAGE 45
are processed in the same way as blanks. The "such that" character ST
can be represented using either vertical bar or the exclamation mark.
9.1.6 Input/Output
All input/output features are implemented. Text lines cannot exceed 132
characters.
On text output, trailing blanks and tabs are removed, except for files
created using PUT.
The implementation has default PFPL=0/0 so that print file limits are
not enforced by default.
9.1.7 Default File Names
Default file names are as follows:
I SYS$INPUT/
ILIB SYSLIB/
L SYS$OUTPUT/
TERM SYS$ERROR/
POL POL.TMP/
XPOL XPOL.TMP/
Q1 Q1.TMP/
Q2 Q2.TMP/
SQ1 0/SQ1.TMP
SSM 0/SSM.TMP
9.1.8 HOST Extensions
This implementation includes some special features provided by the HOST
function.
NOTE
HOST features are not necessarily provided
in other implementations of SETL. Also,
these features may change or disappear as
new releases of SETL appear.
The features are grouped into related functions, called "packages", and
the first argument of HOST is an integer used to select the package.
The packages are as follows:
DEC VAX VMS IMPLEMENTATION PAGE 46
9.1.8.1 Device-dependent Terminal Input/Output
HOST(1, 1)
returns a string of length one containing the next character
typed at the terminal
HOST(1,2,str...str)
writes strings to terminal
No extra characters are added or removed, so that user must issue
carriage returns, line feeds, as needed. All characters can be read
except control-s, control-q, control-y, control-c, and control-o, which
are intercepted and processed by the terminal driver in the usual way.
Note that this is "raw" i/o and problems may arise if other means are
used to communicate with the terminal. For example, using these
procedures and PRINT procedure will probably cause problems.
Useful initialization statements that may be needed:
ccbel := char 7; $ bell
ccbs := char 8; $ backspace
ccht := char 9; $ horizontal tab
cclf := char 10; $ line feed
cccr := char 13; $ carriage return
ccesc := char 27; $ escape
For example, to send line with normal carriage control to terminal, use
HOST(1,2,line,cccr,cclf);
9.1.8.2 Substring Search
HOST(2, str, str)
Searches the third argument for an instance of the second
argument. Yields the position of the first (leftmost)
occurrence if the search succeeds, or yields zero if no
occurrence found. Yields zero if the second or third argument
is the null string.
DEC VAX VMS IMPLEMENTATION PAGE 47
9.1.8.3 Case Conversion
HOST(3, int, str)
Converts case of third argument according to value of second
argument. If second argument is zero, the result is the third
argument converted to lower case; otherwise, the result is the
third argument converted to upper case.
9.1.8.4 Execute Commands
HOST(4, str, str ... str)
The argument strings are executed in a subprocess using the
system service program LIB$SPAWN.
For example,
HOST(4,'setl x'); $ compiles program
HOST(4,'dir/out=d.out'); $ gets directory
N.B. each 'str' is spawned as a separate subprocess.
9.1.8.5 Device-independent Terminal Input/Output
These procedures permit device-independent communication with the
terminal. The screen is addressed by giving a line number and a column
number. The top line has line number one; the first character in a
line has column number one.
These procedures use the VMS Run-time Library procedures in the
"Terminal Independent Screen Procedures" package described in Section
3.2 of the Run-time Library Manual. The terminal types supported are
the standard DEC types VT52 and VT100, as well as any "foreign"
terminals supported by your site (see your system manager for a list of
such types; they are types known to VMS SET TERMINAL/FT command.) These
functions can be used with non-terminal devices, in which case cursor
control features are ignored.
HOST(5, 0, string)
Displays prompt given by third argument, then reads line from
the terminal (terminated with RETURN), and yields the string
read in.
HOST(5, 1, string)
DEC VAX VMS IMPLEMENTATION PAGE 48
Displays the third argument.
HOST(5, 2)
Erases the screen to end of page.
HOST(5, 3)
Erases the screen to end of line.
HOST(5, 4, integer, integer)
Positions the cursor at line given by third argument, column
given by fourth argument.
HOST(5, 5)
Does "reverse index". The cursor is moved up one line, unless
it is in the top line, in which case all lines are moved down
one line, the top line is replaced with a blank line and the the
data that was on the bottom is lost.
9.1.9 'Mapped Heap Files'
The compiler for VAX/VMS produces a representation of the program in a
form known as 'Q2' which is interpreted. Interpreted execution begins
by reading in miscellaneous variables and the initial contents of the
SETL heap, which also includes the Q2 code. These values are read in
using binary input. For large programs, especially when run
interactively, there is a delay since the entire intermediate text must
be read in before interpreted execution can begin.
VMS permits the user to define disk files containing the initial data
for a program in a form which can be 'mapped' into the program virtual
address space; indeed, this is the mechanism used for the executable
files produced by the loader. This note outlines a simple scheme for
using the mapping primitive to effect more efficient initialization of
the execution phase of SETL programs.
The basic idea is to split the standard Q2 file into two files: the
'Q2H' file contains the heap data in a form which permits direct mapping
to virtual memory using the VMS system service 'crmpsc'. The 'Q2E' file
consists of the other data in the Q2 file.
To initialize using a mapped heap file, the Q2E file is used instead of
the standard Q2 file and the Q2H file is specified.
DEC VAX VMS IMPLEMENTATION PAGE 49
9.1.9.1 Relevant Program Parameters
The following new program parameters are recognized by SETL LIB
Q2INIT=0/1 initialization type
Q2E=Q2E/ Q2E file name
Q2H=Q2H/ Q2H file name
HFTRACE=0/1 nonzero to trace hf procedures
9.1.9.2 Usage
The Q2INIT option determines how heap initialized:
Q2INIT=0
Read in heap data from Q2 file (default)
Q2INIT=1
Map heap data from file specified by Q2H option; read
other data from Q2 file (actually Q2E file produced in
case 2).
Q2INIT=2
Read in Q2 file, create mapped heap file and write
modified Q2 file to files specified by Q2H and Q2E
options, respectively. Execution terminates after these
files created.
Example:
Given program T.STL, compile to get T.COD. Then to get Q2H and Q2E
files, do
$ SETLX T/Q2INIT=2/Q2E=T.Q2E/Q2H=T.Q2H
To execute using Q2H and Q2E files:
$ SETLX T.Q2E/Q2INIT=1/Q2H=T.Q2H/Q2E=T.Q2E
9.1.10 SETL Hard Code System
The hard code system makes possible more efficient execution of SETL
programs by producing a machine language file which can be directly
executed. This alternate means of effecting execution emphasizes
execution speed at the expense of space; the hard code version should
run faster, though more space will usually be needed.
DEC VAX VMS IMPLEMENTATION PAGE 50
To use the hard code system, a program must be compiled using the HARD
qualifier. This will produce an executable file (with type .EXE) as
output and also a Q2 file. The executable file is complete and may be
used in place of the SETL interpreter. The format of the Q2 files
produced by standard compilation and compilation with hard code is
incompatible; a Q2 file produced by hard code compilation cannot be
used with the interpreter, and a Q2 file produced by standard
compilation cannot be used with a hard code .EXE file. For VAX/VMS, the
system is used as follows. First, compile using the HARD qualifier:
$ setl X/hard/norun
This will produce X.EXE and X.COD. The SETLX command knows about .EXE
files and will use such a file if it exists.
The option SIF may be specified to retain the intermediate files
produced by the translation. The program parameters related to the hard
code system are as follows:
HQ2F=0/1
Controls whether the intermediate listing file, of type .HCL,
contains the static frequency of the Q2 opcodes in the Q2 (.COD)
file.
ASMTR=0/1
Controls whether the ASM phase of the hard code translation
generates debugging output.
HXSTMT=0/1
Controls whether the code generated for Q2 STMT opcodes is
entered and executed. The default is not to enter the code.
Specify HXSTMT=1 to execute the full statement code; this
specification must be made if you want to use features such as
STRACE or if you want the statement number correctly reported in
the event of an error.
The parameters of most interest to the ordinary user are STMT and
HXSTMT. The Q2 form of the program includes a STMT opcode to record the
position within a program; this position is used to report the point at
which an error occurred, and also by such features as the STRACE option
which traces statements as they are executed. However, the overhead of
keeping track of the position can be large (it has been observed to
consume about 20 percent of the execution time of some programs); and
the hard code system permits a more efficient processing of the STMT
opcodes. The setting of the STMT parameter determines if any code to
support STMT opcodes is generated. You should use STMT=0, causing no
code to be generated, only if you are interested in maximum performance
and will never want to use any of the features related to the STMT
opcodes.
The HXSTMT parameter determines the extent to which STMT opcodes are
recognized at runtime. Of course, if STMT=0 was specified when the file
was translated by the hard code system, then the setting of the HXSTMT
parameter is unimportant, as the STMT opcodes have already been
eliminated. Given that STMT opcodes have been translated, then the
DEC VAX VMS IMPLEMENTATION PAGE 51
value of the HXSTMT parameter is kept in a register and each STMT opcode
is translated into a test of the HXSTMT value (which is kept in a
register) so that if HXSTMT=0 is specified the the full code to process
the STMT opcode is branched around. To use features dependent on the
STMT opcode, HXSTMT=1 must be specified.
The default is HXSTMT=0, so that STMT opcodes are branched around. If
your program terminates abnormally and you want to find where the error
occurred, repeat execution with the specification HXSTMT=1.
9.1.11 Restrictions
1. Real arithmetic restricted to single (long word) precision.
2. At most 65535 elements in set, tuple or character string.
9.2 DEC VAX-11 UNIX Implementation
9.2.1 Configuration Requirements
This implementation runs on the Digital Equipment Corporation VAX-11
using the Berkeley 4.2 BSD UNIX operating system.
NAME
stl - Setl compiler and interpreter
SYNOPSIS
stl -{cox} [-l] [-O] [-v] file [programparameters]
DESCRIPTION
Stl invokes the NYU Setl compiler and interpreter. Stl -c takes a Setl
source file, suffixed `.stl', and produces a listing file `.lis', and an
initial run-time environment file, suffixed `.cod', which is interpreted
by stl -x. Setl-specific compile and run-time program parameters are
supplied after the file name. A list of the program paramterers is
given in the Setl user manual.
FILES
/usr/local/stl* (see definition of $SETL there)
$SETL/user.doc, user manual
SEE ALSO
``The SETL Programming Language'', R. B. K. Dewar
``Higher Level Programming'', R. B. K. Dewar, E. Schonberg,
J. T. Schwartz
BUGS
Only the first 240 characters of the command line are
examined by the SETL system.
DEC VAX UNIX IMPLEMENTATION PAGE 52
9.2.2 Specifying Parameters
Program parameters are specified in standard fashion. The maximum
length of the parameter list is 240 characters; the maximum length of a
single parameter is 63 characters.
For example,
stl -c t.stl list reprs=1
stl -x t.cod
9.2.3 Character Set
Full ASCII character set with upper and lower case letters.
9.2.4 Source Program Format
The compiler examines only the first 72 columns of each line of SETL
source text. Instances of horizontal tabs and form feeds in the source
are processed in the same way as blanks. The "such that" character ST
can be represented using either vertical bar or the exclamation mark.
9.2.5 Input/Output
All input/output features are implemented.
On text output, trailing blanks and tabs are removed, except for files
created using PUT.
The implementation has default PFPL=0/0 so that print file limits are
not enforced by default.
9.2.6 Default File Names
UNIX has no notion of file name in the SETL sense, so the implementation
uses the following 'names' for the standard unix files: stdin, stdout
and stderr. Default file names are as follows:
i stdin/
ilib syslib/
l stdout/
term stderr/
pol pol.tmp/
xpol xpol.tmp/
q1 q1.tmp/
q2 q2.tmp/
DEC VAX UNIX IMPLEMENTATION PAGE 53
sq1 0/sq1.tmp
9.2.7 Restrictions
1. Real arithmetic restricted to single (long word) precision.
2. At most 65535 elements in set, tuple or character string.
9.3 Amdahl UTS Implementation
9.3.1 Configuration Requirements
This implementation runs on the 370 architecture using the Amdahl
Corporation UTS operating system.
NAME
stlc, stl - setl compiler and interpreter
SYNOPSIS
stlc file.stl [options]
stl file.cod [options]
DESCRIPTION
Stlc and stl form the SETL system. Stlc takes a SETL source file,
suffixed `.stl' and produces a listing file `.lis', and an object file
`.cod', which is given to stl. Compile and run-time switches are
supplied after the file name. A list of the switches is given in the
SETL user manual.
FILES
/usr/local/stl* (see definition of $SETL there)
$SETL/user.doc, user manual
SEE ALSO
``The SETL Programming Language'', R. B. K. Dewar
BUGS
Only the first 240 characters of the command line are
examined by the SETL system.
9.3.2 Specifying Parameters
Program parameters are specified in standard fashion. The maximum
length of the parameter list is 240 characters; the maximum length of a
single parameter is 63 characters.
For example,
stlc t.stl list reprs=1
stl t.cod
AMDAHL UTS IMPLEMENTATION PAGE 54
9.3.3 Character Set
Full ASCII character set with upper and lower case letters.
9.3.4 Source Program Format
The compiler examines only the first 72 columns of each line of SETL
source text. Instances of horizontal tabs and form feeds in the source
are processed in the same way as blanks. The "such that" character ST
can be represented using either vertical bar or the exclamation mark.
9.3.5 Input/Output
All input/output features are implemented.
On text output, trailing blanks and tabs are removed, except for files
created using PUT.
The implementation has default PFPL=0/0 so that print file limits are
not enforced by default.
9.3.6 Default File Names
UTS has no notion of file name in the SETL sense, so the implementation
uses the following 'names' for the standard unix files: stdin, stdout
and stderr. Default file names are as follows:
i stdin/
ilib syslib/
l stdout/
term stderr/
pol pol.tmp/
xpol xpol.tmp/
q1 q1.tmp/
q2 q2.tmp/
sq1 0/sq1.tmp
9.3.7 Restrictions
1. Integer arithmetic restricted to single long word operands.
Integer arithmetic is correct in the range -2**31+1 to 2**31-1.
The hardware value -2**31 is reserved for the "undefined"
integer, for example, (1 div 0) yields this value.
AMDAHL UTS IMPLEMENTATION PAGE 55
2. Real arithmetic restricted to single precision.
3. At most 65535 elements in set, tuple or character string.
CDC 6000 IMPLEMENTATION PAGE 56
9.4 CDC 6000 Implementation
9.4.1 Configuration Requirements
This implementation runs on the Control Data Corporation 6000 Series
hardware. It can be configured for NOS or NOS/BE operating systems, 63
or 64 character set.
The PRS, SEM and COD phases are combined into a single program SETL
which requires about 170000B to run. The LIB phase requires 170000B
words plus the SETL heap.
9.4.2 Operating Instructions
Needed files are kept in directory SETL. The control statements to
compile and execute program on file SETLI, with listing, are as follows:
ATTACH,SETL,STLLIB/UN=SETL.
SETL. (I=SETLI,LIST)
STLLIB.
9.4.3 Specifying Parameters
Program parameters are NOT specified in the usual CDC fashion, but are
given in a separate list which follows program name. Parameters are
enclosed within parentheses and separated by commas. Note that
SETL(I=SETLIN)
is WRONG. The correct specification is:
SETL. (I=SETLIN)
9.4.4 Character Set
DISPLAY code. For 64 set sites, the per-cent character can be used
where colon required. The following graphics (selected by the program
parameter CSET=EXT, which is the default) are used:
SETL DISPLAY code
{ 74 octal (at sign)
} 75 octal (reverse slant)
ST 67 octal (ampersand)
CDC 6000 IMPLEMENTATION PAGE 57
9.4.5 Source Program Format
The compiler examines only the first 72 columns of each line of SETL
source text, and lists 90 columns to permit use with UPDATE.
9.4.6 Default File Names
Default file names are as follows:
I INPUT/COMPILE
ILIB INCLIB/
L OUTPUT/LIST
TERM /TERM
POL POL/POL
XPOL XPOL/XPOL
Q1 Q1/Q1
Q2 Q2/Q2
SQ1 0/SQ1
9.4.7 Stand-alone Parse
Due to large size of the SETL system, your site may have installed a
variant of SETL PRS which does only syntax analysis, and has smaller
internal tables, but which can be run using about 100000B words. If
available, this is used as follows:
ATTACH,SETLP/UN=SETL.
SETLP.
9.4.8 Storage Allocation
Due to large size of SETL system, users of the 6000 version may find it
necessary to force the system to use a small initial dynamic memory area
(heap). The heap is divided into three regions: a "constants" area
which contains constants and the code, the run-time stack and the
remainder which is used for values built during execution.
The program parameters H, ST and CA can be used to determine initial
structure of the heap. The defaults are:
H=8000/8000 total length
ST=0/0 symbol table length
CA=0/0 constants area length
CDC 6000 IMPLEMENTATION PAGE 58
Specifying a small integer value less than 1024 causes multiplication by
1024; for example H=4 taken as H=4096. Specifying 0 directs the system
to use reasonable guesses. At present the guesses are to allocate H/2
words for the constant area, and H/8 words for the symbol table. These
guesses can be avoided by providing nonzero values for ST and CA
parameters. For small programs, H=4 is suggested.
The listing file produced by the COD phase indicates the actual lengths
of the constant area and symbol table, and should be consulted for hints
on picking parameter values.
9.4.9 Restrictions
1. Integer arithmetic restricted to single word operands.
Integer arithmetic is correct in the range -2**48-1 to 2**48-1.
2. Real arithmetic restricted to single precision.
3. At most 32767 elements in set, tuple or character string (if
enough memory available!).
DEC DECSYSTEM-10 IMPLEMENTATION PAGE 59
9.5 DEC DECsystem-10 Implementation
9.5.1 Configuration Requirements
This implementation runs on the Digital Equipment Corporation
DECsystem-10 hardware using the TOPS-20 operating system. The
implementation should also be usable on TOPS-10 and TENEX, although this
has not been verified.
9.5.2 Operating Instructions
At Rutgers, using TOPS-20, SETL is currently available on
s:. The phases of the compiler should be run in turn. For
example, to compile and execute X.STL, proceed as follows:
def sys: s:,sys:
stlprs(i=x.stl)
stlsem(i=x.stl)
stlcod(i=x.stl)
stllib(i=x.stl)
9.5.3 Specifying Parameters
Program parameters are specified in the usual LITTLE fashion, i.e., as
list enclosed in parentheses following program name. The I= parameter
should always be specified, even if a dummy file must be created; for
example,
stlsem(i=foo.stl)
The maximum length of the parameter list is 120 characters; the maximum
length of a single parameter is 30 characters. When running the
individual phases separately, the parameter list may be entered on the
command line which invokes the program; if not entered, the program
will prompt for parameters. For example,
$ run stlprs
Note that the parameter line is converted to upper case. This is
generally not significant. However, arguments to the procedures GETIPP
and GETSPP should thus be specified in upper case. For example,
TRVAL := GETIPP('TRACE=0/1');
DEC DECSYSTEM-10 IMPLEMENTATION PAGE 60
9.5.4 Character Set
Full ASCII character set with upper and lower case letters.
9.5.5 Source Program Format
The compiler examines only the first 72 columns of each line of SETL
source text. Instances of horizontal tabs and form feeds in the source
are processed in the same way as blanks. The "such that" character ST
can be represented using either vertical bar or the exclamation mark.
9.5.6 Input/Output
The input/output procedures GET and PUT are not implemented Text lines
cannot exceed 132 characters. On text output, trailing blanks and tabs
are removed.
9.5.7 Default File Names
Default file names are as follows:
I *.LTL/*.LTL
(however, see section on program parameters below)
ILIB SYSLIB/SYSLIB
L *.LST/*.LST
TERM TTY:/
POL POL/POL
XPOL XPOL/XPOL
Q1 Q1/Q1
Q2 Q2/Q2
SQ1 0/SQ1
Note that * indicates that name given by I= parameter is used to derive
filename and extent is then chosen based on at most first three
characters of parameter values as shown above.
9.5.8 Restrictions
1. Integer arithmetic restricted to single word operands.
Integer arithmetic is correct in the range -2**35+1 to 2**35-1.
The hardware value -2**35 is reserved for the "undefined"
integer, for example, 1/0 yields this value.
DEC DECSYSTEM-10 IMPLEMENTATION PAGE 61
2. Real arithmetic restricted to single (long word) precision.
3. At most 65535 elements in set, tuple or character string.
The following features are not implemented:
1. exponentiation
2. Mathematical functions SQRT, ATAN, ATAN2, COS, SIN, EXP, LOG,
TAN and TANH.
3. DATE is implemented but the day of week is always Wednesday.
IBM SYSTEM/370 IMPLEMENTATION PAGE 62
9.6 IBM System/370 CMS Implementation
9.6.1 Configuration Requirements
This implementation runs on the International Business Machines
Corporation System/370 hardware. It is configured for the CMS operating
system; it should be usable using OS and its extensions (MVS, etc.),
though usage for these systems has not been tested.
The PRS, SEM and COD phases are combined into a single program SETL.
The LIB phase is available as STLLIB.
9.6.2 Operating Instructions
Needed files are kept on a minidisk of user SETL. See the system
manager for information about accessing this disk.
The control statements to compile and execute program on file SETLI SETL
A1, with listing on file SETLI LISTING A1, are as follows:
SETL SETLI (LIST RUN
The single (required) operand of the SETL command is a file identifier
(SETLI in the previous example) of the form:
fn ft fm
The default ft is the name of the program (SETL in this example). The
default fm is A1.
9.6.3 Specifying Parameters
Program parameters are entered as CMS options. However, to overcome the
CMS limitation of eight characters per argument, the parameter scanner
also does the following:
1. Blanks not following an equal sign are taken as commas.
2. Blanks just after an equal sign are ignored.
As a result, the following are equivalent:
SETL SETLI (LIST, H=4
SETL SETLI (LIST H=4
SETL SETLI (LIST H= 4
Note that the (added) parameter RUN causes SETL LIB to execute the
program once it has been compiled. To execute an already compiled,
program, use the command:
IBM SYSTEM/370 IMPLEMENTATION PAGE 63
STLLIB PROG (I=0
9.6.4 Character Set
EBCDIC with upper and lower case letters. The following graphics
(selected by the program parameter CSET=EXT, which is the default) are
used:
SETL EBCDIC code
{ 8B hex
} 9B hex
ST 4F hex (vertical bar)
ST 5A hex (exclamation mark)
[ AD hex
] BD hex
Lower case letters and non-standard graphics are recognized, but are not
generated in normal operation; they are generated only at the explicit
request of the user, or as a result of copying lower case characters in
source and data files.
9.6.5 Source Program Format
The compiler examines only the first 72 columns of each line of SETL
source text, and lists 80 columns to display any sequence information in
positions 73..80.
9.6.6 File Names
The file names used by SETL (and specified as parameters) are DDNAMEs.
If an explicit FILEDEF has been given for the DDNAME, it is used.
Consistent with the normal conventions for OS compilers running under
CMS, the following DDNAMEs are translated in the absence of a FILEDEF
for them:
SYSPRINT to LISTING
SYSPUNCH to PUNCH
SYSTERM to TERM
SYSUTn to CMSUTn
If an explicit FILEDEF is specified, it will be used. Otherwise, an
implicit FILEDEF will be executed. This implicit FILEDEF will be of the
form:
FILEDEF ddname DISK fn ddname A1
IBM SYSTEM/370 IMPLEMENTATION PAGE 64
where fn is the filename of the operand of the command.
If no FILEDEF is specified for SYSIN, the following is done:
FILEDEF SYSIN DISK fn ft fm
where fn ft fm are the components of the operand with the defaults
supplied as described above.
There are exceptions to the implicit FILEDEF described above. These are
ddnames of TERMx, PRINT and PUNCH. In these cases the device
represented by the ddname specified will be used, i.e., the following
FILEDEF will be executed:
FILEDEF ddname ddname
Default file names are as follows:
I SYSIN/SYSIN
ILIB SYSLIB/SYSLIB
L SYSPRINT/SYSOUT
TERM SYSTERM/SYSTERM
POL POL/POL
XPOL XPOL/XPOL
Q1 Q1/Q1
Q2 Q2/Q2
SQ1 0/SQ1
9.6.7 Restrictions
1. Integer arithmetic restricted to single word operands.
Integer arithmetic is correct in the range -2**31+1 to 2**31-1.
2. Real arithmetic restricted to single precision.
3. At most 32767 elements in set, tuple or character string.
IBM SYSTEM/370 IMPLEMENTATION PAGE 65
9.7 IBM System/370 MTS Implementation
9.7.1 Configuration Requirements
This implementation runs on the International Business Machines
Corporation System/370 hardware. It is configured for the MTS operating
system, but since no work has been done after the initial bootstrap, not
all looks the way one might like to see it.
9.7.2 Operating Instructions
Needed files are kept under user SETL. See the system manager for
information about accessing these files.
The PRS, SEM and COD phases are executed as separate phases: to compile
a SETL program in file inFDname into a file codFDname with a listing
into file listFDname, do the following:
$ set libsrch=stllib+ltllib
$ run stlprs par=i=inFDname,l=listFDname,term=0,list,at
$ run stlsem par=i=0,l=listFDname(*l+1),term=0
$ run stlcod par=i=0,l=listFDname(*l+1),term=0,q2=codFDname
To execute this program, type:
$ set libsrch=stllib+ltllib
$ run stlint par=i=inputFDname,l=outputFDname,q2=codFDname
where inputFDname is the standard input file (e.g. *source*), and
outputFDname is the standard output file (e.g. *sink*). At the moment,
the default file names are the OS file names, i.e. SYSIN and SYSPRINT.
Likewise, the default for the 'terminal' file is SYSTERM.
9.7.3 Specifying Parameters
Program parameters are entered at the end of the PAR-string.
9.7.4 Character Set
EBCDIC with upper and lower case letters. The following graphics
(selected by the program parameter CSET=EXT, which is the default) are
used:
SETL EBCDIC code
{ 8B hex
} 9B hex
ST 4F hex (vertical bar)
ST 5A hex (exclamation mark)
IBM SYSTEM/370 IMPLEMENTATION PAGE 66
[ AD hex
] BD hex
Lower case letters and non-standard graphics are recognized, but are not
generated in normal operation; they are generated only at the explicit
request of the user, or as a result of copying lower case characters in
source and data files.
9.7.5 Source Program Format
The compiler examines only the first 72 columns of each line of SETL
source text, and lists 80 columns to display any sequence information in
positions 73..80.
9.7.6 Input/Output
All input/output features are implemented.
9.7.7 Default File Names
The file names used by SETL (and specified as parameters) are FDnames.
Default file names are as follows:
I SYSIN/
ILIB SYSLIB/
L SYSPRINT/SYSOUT
TERM SYSTERM/
POL -SETLPOL/
XPOL -SETLXPOL/
SSM -SETLSSM/
Q1 -SETLQ1/
Q2 Q2/
SQ1 0/-SETLSQ1
9.7.8 Restrictions
1. Real arithmetic restricted to single precision.
2. At most 65535 elements in set, tuple or character string.
APPENDIX A
SEMANTIC DEFINITIONS OF STRING PRIMITIVES
This section contains the semantic definitions of the string search
primitives, in the form used in chapter 7 of the SETL reference manual.
PROC ANY(RW a,b);
CASE OF
(IS_STRING a AND IS_STRING b):
IF #a > 0 AND #b > 0 AND a(1) IN b THEN
t := a(1);
a := a(2..);
RETURN t;
ELSE
RETURN OM;
END;
ELSE /*error*/;
END CASE;
END PROC ANY;
PROC BREAK(RW a,b);
CASE OF
(IS_STRING a AND IS_STRING b):
IF EXISTS i IN [1..#a] ST a(i) IN b THEN
t := a(1..i-1);
a := a(i..);
RETURN t;
ELSE
RETURN OM;
END;
ELSE /*error*/;
END CASE;
END PROC BREAK;
PROC LEN(RW a,b);
CASE OF
(IS_STRING a AND IS_INTEGER b AND b>=0):
IF b<#a THEN
RETURN OM;
ELSE
t := a(1..b);
a := a(b+1..);
RETURN t;
SEMANTIC DEFINITIONS OF STRING PRIMITIVES PAGE A-2
ELSE
RETURN OM;
END;
ELSE /*error*/;
END CASE;
END PROC LEN;
PROC LPAD(a,b);
CASE OF
(IS_STRING a AND IS_INTEGER b):
IF b < #a THEN
RETURN a;
ELSE
RETURN ' ' * (b - #a) + a;
END;
ELSE /*error*/;
END CASE;
END PROC LPAD;
PROC MATCH(RW a,b);
CASE OF
(IS_STRING a AND IS_STRING b):
IF #a >= #b AND a(1..#b) = b THEN
a := a(#b+1..);
RETURN b;
ELSE
RETURN OM;
END;
ELSE /*error*/;
END CASE;
END PROC MATCH;
PROC NOTANY(RW a,b);
CASE OF
(IS_STRING a AND IS_STRING b):
IF #a > 0 AND #b > 0 AND a(1) NOTIN b THEN
t := a(1);
a := a(2..);
RETURN t;
ELSE
RETURN OM;
END;
ELSE /*error*/;
END CASE;
END PROC NOTANY;
PROC RANY(RW a,b);
CASE OF
(IS_STRING a AND IS_STRING b):
IF #a > 0 AND #b > 0 AND a(#a) IN b THEN
t := a(#a);
a := a(1..#a-1);
RETURN t;
ELSE
RETURN OM;
SEMANTIC DEFINITIONS OF STRING PRIMITIVES PAGE A-3
END;
ELSE /*error*/;
END CASE;
END PROC RANY;
PROC RBREAK(RW a,b);
CASE OF
(IS_STRING a AND IS_STRING b):
IF EXISTS i IN [#a,#a-1..1] ST a(i) IN b THEN
t := a(i+1..);
a := a(1..i);
RETURN t;
ELSE
RETURN OM;
END;
ELSE /*error*/;
END CASE;
END PROC RBREAK;
PROC REPLACE(a,b,c); $ not implemented
CASE OF
(IS_STRING a AND IS_STRING b AND IS_STRING c AND #b = #c):
t := '';
(FOR d IN a)
IF EXISTS i in [#b,#b-1..1] ST d = b(i) THEN
t +:= c(i);
ELSE
t +:= d;
END IF;
END;
RETURN t;
ELSE /*error*/;
END CASE;
END PROC REPLACE;
PROC REVERSE(a); $ not implemented
CASE OF
(IS_STRING a):
RETURN '' +/[a(#a-i+1): i IN [1..#a]];
ELSE /*error*/;
END CASE;
END PROC REVERSE;
PROC RLEN(RW a,b);
CASE OF
(IS_STRING a AND IS_INTEGER b AND b>=0):
IF b<#a THEN
RETURN OM;
ELSE
t := a(#a-b+1..);
a := a(1..#a-b);
RETURN t;
ELSE
RETURN OM;
END;
SEMANTIC DEFINITIONS OF STRING PRIMITIVES PAGE A-4
ELSE /*error*/;
END CASE;
END PROC RLEN;
PROC RMATCH(RW a,b);
CASE OF
(IS_STRING a AND IS_STRING b):
IF #a >= #b AND a(#a-#b+1..) = b THEN
a := a(1..#a-#b);
RETURN b;
ELSE
RETURN OM;
END;
ELSE /*error*/;
END CASE;
END PROC RMATCH;
PROC RNOTANY(RW a,b);
CASE OF
(IS_STRING a AND IS_STRING b):
IF #a > 0 AND #b > 0 AND a(#a) NOTIN b THEN
t := a(#a);
a(#a) = OM;
RETURN t;
ELSE
RETURN OM;
END;
ELSE /*error*/;
END CASE;
END PROC RNOTANY;
PROC RPAD(a,b);
CASE OF
(IS_STRING a AND IS_INTEGER b):
IF b < #a THEN
RETURN a;
ELSE
RETURN a + ' ' * (b - #a);
END;
ELSE /*error*/;
END CASE;
END PROC RPAD;
PROC RSPAN(RW a,b);
CASE OF
(IS_STRING a AND IS_STRING b):
IF #a > 0 AND #b > 0 THEN
IF {x: x IN b} INCS {x: x IN a} THEN $ if span all
t := a;
a := '';
RETURN t;
ELSEIF EXISTS i IN [#a,#a-1..1] ST a(i) NOTIN b THEN
t := a(i+1..);
a := a(1..i);
RETURN t;
SEMANTIC DEFINITIONS OF STRING PRIMITIVES PAGE A-5
ELSE
RETURN OM;
END IF;
ELSE
RETURN OM;
END;
ELSE /*error*/;
END CASE;
END PROC RSPAN;
PROC SPAN(RW a,b);
CASE OF
(IS_STRING a AND IS_STRING b):
IF #a > 0 AND #b > 0 THEN
IF {x: x in b} INCS {x: x IN a} THEN $ if span all
t := a;
a := '';
RETURN t;
ELSEIF EXISTS i IN [1..#a] ST a(i) NOTIN b THEN
t := a(1..i-1);
a := a(i..);
RETURN t;
ELSE
RETURN OM;
END IF;
ELSE
RETURN OM;
END;
ELSE /*error*/;
END CASE;
END PROC SPAN;
APPENDIX B
CHANGES EFFECTED IN RECENT VERSIONS
Changes from Version 29 to Version 30:
1. System Internal changes which should be transparent to the
user.
2. UNIX Implementations suppress by default the compiler listing
of program parameters and compilation statistics. They can be
controlled by the LCP and LCS program parameters.
3. Fix several small bugs.
Changes from Version 28 to Version 29:
1. Fix several small bugs.
Changes from Version 27 to Version 28:
1. Support Motorola 68000 Microprocessor on SUN Workstation.
2. Fix several small bugs.
Changes from Version 26 to Version 27:
1. The semantics of some qualifiers has been changed:
/ASSERT=0: Expressions appearing in assert statements are
not evaluated.
(These expressions were evaluated before.)
/MAX_HEAP=n Allow heap expansion to 'n' SETL words
(default: 512000).
/REPRS=2: Equivalent to /REPRS[=1]; in addition, a
message is printed for each conversion generated
between non-primitive values.
/REPRS=2 requires the /LIST qualifier to have
any effect.
2. Integer arithmetic supports integers in the range
- ((32768 ** 65535) - 1) .. (32768 ** 65535) - 1.
CHANGES EFFECTED IN RECENT VERSIONS PAGE B-2
on 32-bit machines. Integer denotations are restricted to the
range -2147483647..2147483647. The result of constant
expressions is restricted to the range of integer denotations,
i.e. -2147483647..2147483647.
3. The MAP representation is fully supported.
4. The semantics of the assert statement 'assert := ;'
has been changed to mean 'test whether = ; if they
are unequal, print an error message and assign to .'
(cf. SN210) (Previously, this would assign to and
test the value of for true/false.)
5.
The Q2 (code)- and binary file formats have been changed. All
Q2- and binary files must be recreated under this version of
SETL.
Changes from Version 25 to Version 26: The Q2 (COD) format has (once
again) changed.
Changes from Version 24 to Version 25:
1. The implementation of the mode 'integer i..j' has been changed:
if i > 0, the old implementation widened the range to 'integer
1..j', the new implementation does exact range analysis within
a machine-dependent range, currently for 32-bit machines:
0 <= i < 256, 0 <= j < 65535.
2. The mode 'map' and 'map ( ) ' is recognized by the
front-end once more, yet might produce incorrect run-time
results. An appropriate warning is printed whenever this mode
is used. THE MODE 'MAP' SHOULD NOT BE USED UNTIL FURTHER
NOTICE.
3. Add the STMT program parameter.
4. Implement "string IN string" and "string NOTIN string" using an
algorithm, due to Knuth, that is linear in the length of the
two strings.
Changes from Version 23 to Version 24:
1. Eliminate null statement.
2. Allow representation declaration 'proc() mode' for procedures
with no parameters.
3. MAP is now a reserved word.
4. Add program parameter UR.
CHANGES EFFECTED IN RECENT VERSIONS PAGE B-3
5. Change default for program parameter REPRS.
6. Reserved words cannot be used as member names.
7. The interface statement 'READS ALL' is no longer the default;
all variables and constants that are accessed must be declared.
Changes from Version 22 to Version 23:
1. Permit second argument of OPEN to be written in either case, so
long as all characters in a particular use are in the same
case.
2. Add SOCASE option.
3. Add TERMP and TERMH options.
4. Recognize NOTEXISTS.
5. Precedence of ? operator: the precedence of the query
operator is 10. Therefore, if either operand is an expression,
the usual precedences are applied. If in doubt, use
parentheses.
6. The precedence of <*binop> '/' has been corrected,
so that 2 * 1 +/ [ 2 ] evaluates to 4, and not to 6.
7. The parser now accepts '(' ')' , so that (a)(b)
is a valid expression.
8. The arithmetic iterator has been changed to include a test for
zero increment, where required. Thus the cardinality of [ m, m
.. n ] is zero, and not an infinite loop.
Changes from Version 21 to Version 22 (not all of which are yet
documented at proper place):
1. FORTRAN Interface. It is now possible to create user-defined
extension permitting invocation of FORTRAN procedures during
execution. This is currently only available for VAX/VMS.
2. Mapped Q2 file. The VAX/VMS version permits creation of
special files which permit quicker program startup for large
programs. This involves new parameters NOF, Q2INIT, Q2E, Q2H
and HFTRACE.
3. %CMODE (VAX/VMS). At execution the program parameter %CMODE is
set to indicate how a program is being run. After
cmode := GETSPP('%CMODE=/');
then cmode will be either 'INTERACTIVE' or 'BATCH' with obvious
meaning.
CHANGES EFFECTED IN RECENT VERSIONS PAGE B-4
4. MACRO local symbols. There are restrictions on the use of
local symbols in macros not yet documented. (This is a
warning, not a change.)
5. HOST(1..) (VAX/VMS) This does not report end of input
correctly.
6. SPEC and UNSPEC are no longer reserved words.
PAGE INDEX-1
INDEX
.EJECT, 11 LIB, 3
.LIST, 11 LIST, 28, 43
.NOLIST, 11 LPAD, 7, 68
.TITLE 'text', 11
MATCH, 7, 68
ANY, 5, 67 MAX_HEAP, 28
AP, 11 MEAS, 28
ASM, 25 MEMBER, 11
ASSERT, 25 MLEN, 28
AT, 26
NOF, 28
BACK, 26 NOTANY, 7, 68
BIND, 26
BREAK, 5, 67 OPEN, 7
OPT, 29
CA, 26
CALLF, 36 PEL, 29
CEL, 26 PFCC, 29
CLOSE, 5 PFCL, 29
COD, 3 PFLL, 29
CODE, 42 PFLP, 29
COPY, 11, 28 PFPL, 29
CSET, 26 POL, 30
CTRACE, 27 PRINT, 8
PRINTA, 8
DEBUG, 27 PRS, 3
DITER, 27 PUT, 8
DUMP, 27 PUTB, 8
PUTF, 36
EJECT, 6
EOF, 6 Q1, 30
ETIM, 27 Q2, 30
Q2E, 49
GET, 6 Q2H, 49
GETB, 6 Q2INIT, 49
GETEM, 6
GETF, 36 RANY, 8, 68
GETIPP, 6 RBREAK, 8, 69
GETSPP, 6 READ, 8
READA, 8
H, 27 REL, 30
HFTRACE, 49 REM, 30
HOST, 6 REPLACE, 69
REPRS, 30
I, 28 REVERSE, 69
ILIB, 11, 28 RLEN, 8, 69
RMATCH, 8, 70
L, 28 RNOTANY, 9, 70
LCP, 28 RPAD, 9, 70
LCS, 28 RSPAN, 9, 70
LEN, 7, 67 RUN, 43
PAGE INDEX-2
SB, 30
SEL, 30
SEM, 3
SEQ, 30
SETEM, 9
SIF, 30
SNAP, 31
SOCASE, 31
SPAN, 9, 71
SQ1, 31
SSM, 31
ST, 31
STHI, 31
STLO, 31
STMT, 32
STRACE, 32
TB, 32
TERM, 32
TERMH, 32
TERMP, 32
TITLE, 9, 32
TP, 33
UPD, 33
UR, 33
UV, 33
XLIST, 43
XPOL, 33